When we speak of “Jesus,” are we invoking a man of first-century Judea or a cosmic figure constructed by centuries of faith? From dusty Galilean roads to the transcendent halls of Hellenistic philosophy, the Jesus character has been written and rewritten by faith traditions seeking to reconcile ancient mythos with new messianic hope.
In this blog post, we’ll peel back the layers of logos and legend, following how the faith of early Christian communities; guided by mystery cult motifs, Platonic metaphysics, and prophetic reinterpretation; recast a certain figure from rebel preacher to incarnate Word (Logos).
The Birth of a Mythical Messiah
The historian Maurice Goguel (1926) argued that the first-century Jesus, if he existed historically, was quickly enmeshed within a web of nonhistorical embellishments. Early Christian eschatology, desperate for a vindicated messiah figure after Rome crushed Jewish uprisings, likely spiritualized Jesus' death and imagined his resurrection. The resurrection belief, according to Goguel, "arose as the fulfilment of prophecy discovered after the fact" (p. 290), transforming a failed movement into a mythic faith.
This pattern wasn’t new. Hellenistic cultures were familiar with dying-and-rising gods, mystery cults offering symbolic death and rebirth through ritual. Christian theory, in this reading, borrowed these narrative forms to give cosmic significance to their messiah. The faith communities weren’t so much preserving history as crafting a sacred legend to meet spiritual and political needs.
Enter the Logos
No thinker better captures the philosophical atmosphere surrounding early Christianity than Philo of Alexandria, a Hellenistic Jew whose writing predates the New Testament. Philo envisioned a cosmic mediator figure, the Logos, as "the eldest of the powers of God" (Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues, sec. 28), an immaterial agent through whom the divine interacted with the material world.
The parallels to the Gospel of John are striking. In John's prologue, "In the beginning was the Word (Logos), and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (John 1:1), we see Hellenistic metaphysics grafted onto Jewish messianism. Philo’s Logos concept provided early Christians a ready-made philosophical framework to elevate the Jesus character from an executed Galilean preacher to a cosmic, preexistent Logos incarnate.
This philosophical evolution wasn’t incidental. It reflected a broader tendency in Second Temple Judaism to allegorize and universalize national traditions within the Greco-Roman world’s philosophical idioms; a process Goguel identified as “prophetic exegesis reinterpreting facts as symbols” (1926, p. 203).
Faith Before Fact: The Case for a Legendary Jesus
George Albert Wells (1999) takes the argument further, contending that the earliest Christian texts — particularly Paul’s epistles — lack biographical details of Jesus. Instead, Paul speaks of a celestial figure revealed through scripture and personal visions. Wells argues this points to a mythical, not historical, origin: "The gospels’ Jesus is the result of a layered history of imaginative embellishments" (p. xviii).
According to Wells, the first believers experienced the Christ figure within the symbolic landscape of their scriptures and cosmology, not as a contemporary flesh-and-blood teacher. Only later did the legend localize Jesus in Galilee and Jerusalem to ground the myth in an historical frame, much as Romulus and Remus or Osiris once were.
From Myth to History…and Back Again
What, then, was "rewritten"? Early faith communities reinterpreted the memory of Jesus in light of Hellenistic philosophy, Jewish messianic expectation, and communal trauma. The historical person, if he existed, was submerged beneath layers of cosmic symbolism, prophetic fulfillment, and mystical allegory.
As Philo blurred the line between myth and metaphysics with his Logos, early Christians did the same with Jesus. Goguel (1926) concludes, "Faith created the Christ of the gospels" (p. 305) — not the other way around.
Today, debates about the historical Jesus miss the absolute point: religious traditions often rewrite their founders to meet new needs; fusing logos and legend into enduring myth to create Jesus is nothing new. Ignoring the fact that the Jesus character founded no church or religion himself, this fact, concerning Christian theory, remains in-tact.
Final Thought?
The making of Jesus as Logos wasn’t an accident of history but a strategy of meaning. In a fragmented empire teeming with mystery religions, wisdom cults, and apocalyptic movements, Christianity’s genius lay in reworking faith’s raw material — myth, philosophy, prophecy — into a compelling narrative of cosmic redemption.
And in doing so, faith didn’t just record history; it rewrote it.
References
Goguel, M. (1926). Jesus the Nazarene: Myth or History? D. Appleton and Company.
Philo of Alexandria. (n.d.). The Complete Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged (C. D. Yonge, Trans.).
Wells, G. A. (1999). The Jesus Myth. Open Court.